This is a continuation of an essay by Kō Bun’yū.
It reveals historical facts unknown to both Japan and the world, examining the massacres associated with Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Mao Zedong, and the profound regional differences within Han Chinese society.

2016-10-12
Many historical facts that most Japanese people did not know at all, and of course many historical facts that people around the world did not know at all.
What follows is a continuation of a paper by Kō Bun’yū, published in the March issue of the special Seiron 26, written with genuine intellect unlike the ignorance of the world. These are many historical facts that most Japanese people did not know at all, and of course many historical facts that people around the world did not know at all.
The massacres of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Mao Zedong.
In Zhonghua Minguo Yi Bai Pian (One Hundred Lies of One Hundred Years), published in classical Chinese to commemorate the centenary of the Xinhai Revolution and the founding of the Republic of China, I wrote about Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, and Mao Zedong.
Not only do the national characters of the Manchus and the Han differ, but even among the Han, they are not the same from region to region.
As a folk saying still goes today, “Beijing people love the nation, Shanghai people leave the nation, Cantonese people sell the nation, Hong Kong people have no nation.”
Not only ideology but even identity differs to this extent depending on the region.
The Japanese national character is closer to that of the Manchus than to the Han, and even after losing the Sino-Japanese War, the Qing experienced the Hundred Days’ Reform and constitutional movements.
Even if it did not go as far as Tarui Tōkichi’s idea of “Great East Asian Unification,” Japan and Qing China were close to a relationship of shared fate.
However, despite the fact that Japanese patriots devoted themselves body and soul to the “Chinese Revolution” during the Xinhai Revolution, they were betrayed not only after the Sino-Japanese Incident but also by the Republic of China, especially by Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, and thereafter the Han people turned toward anti-Japanese sentiment.
This historical fact must never be overlooked.
Sun Yat-sen spent about two-thirds of his revolutionary life in Japan.
According to his brother-in-law H. H. Kung, he lived an “imperial lifestyle,” with relationships ending when the money ran out.
Uchida Ryōhei saw through Sun Yat-sen early on as a coward and stopped associating with him.
Tōyama Mitsuru was betrayed by Sun Yat-sen, but I infer that this occurred after Tōyama learned that Sun Yat-sen had received money from Lenin.
Through the behind-the-scenes efforts of Tōyama and Uchida, three revolutionary factions—the Huaxinghui of the Chu people, the Guangfuhui of the Wu people, and the Xingzhonghui of the Yue people—raised the banner of the “Revolutionary Alliance” in Tokyo, but because the temperaments of Chu, Wu, and Yue differed, internal strife never ceased.
Sun Yat-sen’s embezzlement of revolutionary funds was exposed by Wu figures such as Zhang Binglin and Tao Chengzhang, denunciation leaflets were scattered among overseas Chinese, Sun Yat-sen was driven out, and the Revolutionary Alliance collapsed. The conflict between Wu and Yue never ends.
The provisional government established in Nanjing after the Xinhai Revolution also collapsed in less than three months due to yet another financial scandal involving Sun Yat-sen.
Sun Yat-sen praised Yuan Shikai of the Beijing government as “China’s Washington,” readily sold out the Nanjing government, became minister of railways in the Beijing government himself, and set off on a nationwide tour in a luxury train accompanied by beautiful women.
Among China’s would-be rulers, there are two types: charlatans who rely only on words, like Sun Yat-sen and Liu Bang, and those who rise through sheer power, like Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Zedong, and Xiang Yu.
Sun Yat-sen established military governments in Guangzhou three times to oppose the Beijing government and was driven out twice.
Because he had no army of his own, he brought into Guangdong external provincial troops that included bandits known as “guest armies,” which led to endless conflicts with local peasant, worker, and merchant militias, and over the plundering of new weapons from the merchant militias, even carried out a great massacre in his hometown of Guangzhou.
The Yue people differ in this respect from the Chu people such as Mao Zedong and Xiang Yu.
Xiang Yu, the hegemon of Chu, fell victim to Liu Bang’s strategy of the “Songs of Chu on All Sides,” fled in retreat, but committed suicide because he could not face the elders of his homeland.
The temperaments of the Chu and the Yue differ to this extent.
Stories of massacres by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong are well known through Chiang’s Red Purges in Shanghai and White Terror in Taiwan, and Mao Zedong’s ten major intra-party struggles.
This manuscript continues.